Earthling of Utility and Industrial Distribution System

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Earthling of Utility and Industrial Distribution System Course
Introduction:
The topic of grounding (also known as earthing in some countries) and its relation to lightning and surge protection of electrical and electronic systems is often a subject of controversy and debate. It is crucial for engineers involved in power supply networks to have a solid understanding of the fundamental principles of grounding system design and its significance in ensuring equipment and personnel safety. A proper grasp of these principles can help prevent costly failures and minimize downtime resulting from errors in grounding system design.
In this workshop, we aim to dispel the myths and demystify the concepts of grounding as they apply to utility networks, industrial plant distribution systems, and associated control equipment. Although the subject has been surrounded by misconceptions, it becomes quite straightforward when approached from a basic principles perspective. Our objective is to explain the fundamentals of grounding, providing you with the necessary knowledge to tackle real-life grounding issues and develop a correct understanding of the subject.
The workshop is divided into three main sections: System Grounding, Protective Grounding, and Surge/Noise Protection of power and electronics systems commonly found in distribution networks. We also provide a brief introduction to substation grounding design. Additionally, detailed information on ground electrodes and measurement of ground resistance is available to further enhance your understanding of the topic.
Course Objectives:
- The basic principles of grounding of electrical systems
- The function of power system grounding and the various options available
- Role of protective grounding in ensuring safety; sizing of grounding conductors
- Importance of equipotential bonding in ensuring safety
- Design of ground electrodes, measurement of soil resistivity and ground electrode resistance
- Fundamental principles in the design of grounding systems in substations
- Solving static electricity-related hazards by grounding and bonding
- Role of grounding in protecting substation structures from lightning hazard
- Role of grounding in surge protection of power distribution equipment and sensitive systems
- Noise in electrical systems and the role of grounding in noise mitigation.
Who Should Attend?
- Instrumentation and Control Engineers
- Consulting Engineers
- Electrical Engineers
- Project Engineers
- Maintenance Engineers
- Power System Protection and Control Engineers
- Building Service Designers
- Data Systems Planners and Managers
- Electrical and Instrumentation Technicians
Course Outlines:
Overview:
- Basics of grounding
- Bonding
- Role of grounding in lightning protection
- Ground electrodes and factors affecting their efficiency
- Grounding issues in outdoor substations
- Grounding for static charges
- Surge Protection
- Importance of grounding in mitigation of noise in sensitive circuits
- Importance of Local Codes
Power Supply System Grounding
- Types of system grounding
- Ungrounded systems
- Solidly grounded systems
- Impedance grounding using neutral reactor
- Resonant grounding using neutral reactor
- Impedance grounding through neutral resistance
- Classification of supply systems based on grounding
- Point of grounding
- Other challenges
Protective Grounding
- Electric shock, its cause and effects
- Direct and indirect contact
- Touch and step potential
- Role of protective grounding in minimizing the shock hazards
- Equipotential bonding
- Protective grounding conductors and installation
- Ground fault protection
- System classification based on system/protective grounding
Ground Electrode Systems
- Soil resistance and factors affecting soil resistivity
- Measurement of soil resistivity
- Resistance of ground electrode and distribution of resistance in surrounding soil layers
- Electrode current capacity
- Ground electrode configurations
- Parallel electrodes
- Ground electrode resistance measurement
- Chemical electrodes
- Concrete encased electrodes and splicing methods
- Corrosion of buried electrodes
- Grounding system maintenance
Substation Grounding Design
- Grounding practices
- Basic design approach
- Calculating the ground fault current
- Ground potential rise in HV systems
- Grounding design in LV and MV substations/installations
- Grounding grid design for HV/EHV substations - A step-by-step approach
- Introduction to 2-layer soil model
- Transferred potential and ways of avoiding
- Points needing special attention in substation grounding design and for GIS
- equipment
- Design of substations containing converter equipment feeding to HVDC transmission systems
- Ensuring effective substation grounding - Important aspects
Static Electricity And Protection
- What is static electricity and how is it generated?