Health, Safety, Security and Environment
Layers of Protection Analysis and Safety Integrity Level (LOPA and SIL)
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Layers of Protection Analysis and Safety Integrity Level (LOPA and SIL) Course
Introduction:
Course Objectives:
Learn how to perform a LOPA study to evaluate the effectiveness of process safeguards. Understand how to use LOPA, Risk Graph, and Risk Matrix methods to select SILs for SIFs. LOPA is often used as an extension of process hazard analysis (PHA). PHA teams use engineering judgment to decide if additional safeguards are needed to protect against accident scenarios they identify. This subjective approach can lead to disagreements and possibly inappropriate measures to reduce risk. A more rational and objective approach is needed, at least when considering risk remediation measures for high-risk scenarios or those that are expensive to implement. LOPA was developed for this purpose.
- When and how to use LOPA
- How to identify which scenarios from a HAZOP or other qualitative analysis could benefit from LOPA
- How to systematically create risk scenarios for new processes or for existing processes under change
- How to establish risk acceptance (risk tolerance) criteria for use within your company (this is also called the development of ALARP criteria) and how to depict this in a Risk Matrix or in a formula
- SIL / PHA / HAZOP team leaders & scribes
- Engineers involved in any aspect of the SIS Safety Lifecycle
- Supervisors, managers, and engineers responsible for SIL studies
- How to calculate “as-is” risk for a cause-consequence pair:
- How to estimate the frequency of the initiating event
- How to determine the consequence for the scenario (unmitigated)
- Understand what is meant by “independence” and “uniqueness” with respect to the safeguard layers (IPLs)
- How to calculate the value of each IPL
- How to determine the risk of a LOPA scenario and how to determine how much further risk reduction (if any) is necessary
- How to use LOPA to determine the Safety Integrity Level (SIL) necessary for an instrument IPL (to comply with the requirements of IEC 61508/61511 for safety instrumented systems)
- How to document LOPA
- How other companies worldwide use LOPA to:
- Decide which PHA / HAZOP recommendations to reject and which to accept
- Focus limited resources within mechanical integrity departments and operations on what is critical to managing risk to ALARP
- Avoid wasting resources on the added cost and unproductive sophistication that often occurs when they instead quantify risk using QRA methods such as fault tree and event tree analysis
Who Should Attend?
- Process safety personnel, PHA analysts, control systems engineers, project engineers, and other personnel who need to apply or understand LOPA, Risk Graphs, or Risk Matrices.
- Professionals and leaders who wish to learn more about strategies for improving Process Safety Management and the use of the various Layers of Protection to improve the Safety Integrated Systems and Process Safety of their operations
- Professionals and leaders within an organization responsible for Capital Improvement Planning, Management of Change, Risk-Based maintenance programs, Incident Investigations, Emergency planning and response, Facility siting and or design
- Personnel moving into roles that are participating or are responsible for the Safety Integrated Systems and Process Safety of their operations or Capital Improvement Planning, Management of Change, Risk-Based maintenance programs, Incident Investigations, Emergency planning and response, Facility siting and or design.
Course Outlines:
Introduction to Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
- Learning objectives and goals of using the LOPA technique
- What is LOPA? How is LOPA applied?
- Terminology and definitions
- Where does LOPA fit into Process Safety and the other Process hazard Assessment methods?
- How to Implement LOPA
- Introduction to Reliability Technology
- Reliability of components, series and parallel systems
- Types of maintenance and inspection regimes
SIL Practices
- SIL Determination Workshop
- Calibrated Risk Graph
- The layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
- Safety Layer Matrix
- Background to SIL Determination
- SIL Determination Methods
- SIL Determination Method Selection Criteria
- SIL Documentation Issues
- SIL Teams
Identification of Initiating Events
- Hazard & Operability ‘HAZOP’ Study
- HAZOP Workshop
- Risk Assessment & Risk Management
- Analysis of Major Accidents in relation to LOPA:
- Piper Alpha
- BP Texas Refinery Explosion
- Bhopal
- Bunce field
- How to decide if a process needs a Safety Instrumented
- System (SIS) and what SIL levels it needs.
Estimating the Consequences and Severity
- Estimating the Consequences and Severity
- Mechanics of Fire, Explosion, and Toxic Releases
- Consequence evaluation approaches for LOPA
- Developing Scenarios
- Selecting candidate scenarios from qualitative (brainstorming) hazard evaluations
- Scenarios from design questions and from incidents
- Deciding on the right cause-consequence pair to define each scenario
- Identifying Independent Protection Layers
- Purpose
- Definition and Purpose of an IPL
- IPL Rules
- LOPA IPL Assessment
- Examples of IPL’s
- Preventive IPL vs Mitigating IPL
- Continuing Examples
- Protective Systems Design and Reliability
- The concept of Fractional Dead Time ‘FDT’